Thanks for your comments and your clarification of the Brookings analysis. I eventually figured it out after looking at the Appendix.
I agree with you about expectations at school, but I don't know how to measure it either. This is especially true at a time when teachers are often pressured to modify grades (e.g., No zeros allowed. Nobody gets less than a 50 even if they didn't turn in their assignment. Teachers are encouraged to give students second chances to do make up work to offset poor or missed assignments. Etc.) and to ignore disciplinary issues in order to minimize suspensions and expulsions. The overall message seems to be that kids need to move on to the next grade except in extraordinary circumstances. Teachers who give kids failing grades often open themselves up to harsh scrutiny.
Thanks for your comments and your clarification of the Brookings analysis. I eventually figured it out after looking at the Appendix.
I agree with you about expectations at school, but I don't know how to measure it either. This is especially true at a time when teachers are often pressured to modify grades (e.g., No zeros allowed. Nobody gets less than a 50 even if they didn't turn in their assignment. Teachers are encouraged to give students second chances to do make up work to offset poor or missed assignments. Etc.) and to ignore disciplinary issues in order to minimize suspensions and expulsions. The overall message seems to be that kids need to move on to the next grade except in extraordinary circumstances. Teachers who give kids failing grades often open themselves up to harsh scrutiny.
(nods intently)